|
Technological change, technological development, technological achievement, or technological progress is the overall process of invention, innovation and diffusion of technology or processes.〔Derived from Jaffe et al. (2002) ''Environmental Policy and technological Change'' and Schumpeter (1942) ''Capitalism, Socialisme and Democracy'' by Joost.vp on 26 August 2008〕〔From ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'', 2nd ed. (2008) with abstract link: • "(technical change )" by S. Metcalfe. • "(biased and unbiased technological change )" by Peter L. Rousseau. • "(skill-biased technical change )" by Giovanni L. Violante.〕 In essence technological change is the invention of technologies (including processes) and their commercialization via research and development (producing emerging technologies), the continual improvement of technologies (in which they often become less expensive), and the diffusion of technologies throughout industry or society (which sometimes involves disruption and convergence). In short, technological change is based on both better and more technology. == Modeling technological change == In its earlier days, technological change was illustrated with the 'Linear Model of Innovation', which has now been largely discarded to be replaced with a model of technological change that involves innovation at all stages of research, development, diffusion and use. When spoken about "modeling technological change" often the process of innovation is meant. This process of continuous improvement is often modeled as a curve depicting decreasing costs over time (for instance fuel cell which have become cheaper every year). *TC is often modelled using a learning curve, ex.: Ct=C0 * Xt^-b *TC itself is often included in other models (for instance climate change models) and was often taken as an exogenous factor. These days TC is more often included as an endogenous factor. This means that it is taken as something you can influence. It is generally accepted that policy can influence the speed and direction of TC (for instance more towards clean technologies). This is referred to as Induced Technological Change. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「technological change」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|